C. M.  Wetmore, ?The Lichen Genus Nephroma in North and Middle America?, Publications of the museum Michigan State University, 1960.

J.  Dey, ?Fruticose and Foliose Lichens of the High-Mountain Areas of the Southern Appalachians?, The Bryologist, vol. 81, pp. 1-93, 1978.

C. J. B.  Hitch and Millbank, J. W., ?Nitrogen Metabolism in Lichens. VII. Nitrogenase Activity and Heterocyst Frequency in Lichens with Blue-Green Phycobionts?, New Phytologist, vol. 75, pp. 239-244, 1975.

P. W.  James and F. White, J., ?Studies on the genus Nephroma I. The European and Macaronesian species?, The Lichenologist, vol. 19, pp. 215-268, 1987.

J. Walter Thomson and Brehmer, B., American Arctic Lichens I. The Macrolichens. Columbia University Press, 1984.

O. W.  Purvis, Moore, D. M., Coppins, B. J., Hawksworth, D. L., and James, P. W., The Lichen Flora of Great Britian and Ireland. London: Natural History Museum Publications, 1992.

Y. Sil Park, ?The Macrolichen Flora of South Korea?, The Bryologist, vol. 93, pp. 105-160, 1990.

J.  F. White and James, P. W., ?Studies on the genus Nephroma II. The Southern Temperate Species?, The Lichenologist, vol. 20, pp. 103-166, 1988.

B.  McCune and Geiser, L., Macrolichens of the Pacific Northwest. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 1997.

P. L.  Nimis, The Lichens of Italy: An annotated catalogue, vol. 12. Torino: , 1993.

O.  Gilbert, Lichens. London: HarperCollins, 2000, p. 288.

T. H.  Nash_, III, Ryan, B. D., Gries, C., and Bungartz, F., Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region, vol. 1. Tempe: Lichens Unlimited, 2001.

T.  Goward and Arsenault, A., ?Cyanolichens and conifers: implications for global conservation?, For. Snow Landsc. Res., vol. 75, pp. 303-318, 2000.

?Index Fungorum [taxonomy information]?, 2008.

J. W.  Hinds and Hinds, P. L., The Macrolichens of New England, vol. 96. China: The New York Botanical Garden Press, 2007.